世界农业

农民培训对象瞄准和遴选偏离目标群体的问题较为普遍，不仅降低了农民培训质量，还可能引致培训政策失灵。基于史密斯政策执行模型，本文以H省新型农业经营主体带头人培训为案例，系统分析了农民培训对象瞄准与遴选偏差问题。统计结果显示，样本中符合农业农村部涉农身份规定的参训农民仅占43.8%。通过构建“政策制定-政策执行-政策评估”分析框架，本文从政治过程视角揭示了培训对象瞄准与遴选偏差成因。研究表明，农民主体性缺失是培训对象瞄准与遴选出现偏差的根本原因。具体表现为：政策制定上，量化考核导向促使执行部门重培训规模、轻培训质量，对农民参训收益重视不足；政策执行上，执行部门对农民经济理性与认知理性的忽视造成目标群体参与不足；政策评估上，农民信息反馈机制缺失，政策制定者主要依赖执行部门反馈信息，难以获得准确信息。

The deviation between the target groups and actual participants in farmer training programs has become a prevalent issue, undermining training quality and potentially leading to policy failure. Based on Smith's policy implementation model, this paper systematically analyzes the targeting and selection deviation in farmer training programs through a case study of the New Agricultural Business Entity Leader Training initiative in H province. The statistical data reveal that only 43.8% of trainees in the sample met the agricultural identity requirements set by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. By constructing the analytical framework of “policy formulation-policy implementation-policy evaluation”, this paper uncovers the root causes of the targeting and selection deviation from the perspective of political processes. The research demonstrates that the lack of farmer agency fundamentally drives these deviations. Specific manifestations include: In policy formulation, a quantitative assessment orientation incentivizes implementing agencies to prioritize training scale over quality, while inadequately considering farmers' actual benefits in training programs. In policy implementation, agencies' neglect of farmers' economic and cognitive rationality leads to insufficient participation from target groups. In policy evaluation, policymakers predominantly rely on information from implementing agencies, while the absence of farmer feedback mechanisms obstructs accurate data acquisition.