世界农业

农业支持保护是农业强国的关键支撑。推进农业支持保护政策改革，亟须从制约农业强国建设的关键瓶颈出发，处理好粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给、农民稳定持续增收、产业综合效益和竞争力持续提升、政府财政投入可持续性等多方面的矛盾关系。这些矛盾关系是发达国家推进农业现代化过程中面临的共性问题，从美国和欧盟等典型农业支持保护政策的演变中可以获得中国推动农业支持保护政策改革的经验和启示。整体上看，在农业支持保护政策的演变过程中，美国注重发挥产业链前端优势，设置多重价格标准应对市场风险，形成与市场机制相结合的良性互动机制；欧盟注重发挥产业链后端优势，弱化价格支持保护，强化直接支付补贴，并通过优化直接支付结构激活经营主体市场竞争活力。同时，美国和欧盟都强调资金效率和精准支持，推动政策执行的连续性、公平性、针对性、策略性，不断提高政策实施效能。基于“大国小农”的基本国情农情，着眼于加快建设农业强国，中国应从发挥全产业链综合效益和竞争优势为切入点，深化农业支持保护政策改革，寻找保障粮食安全、保障农民收益、激发市场活力的平衡点，提高资金利用和政策执行效率，构建稳定连续、公平公正、精准支持、策略灵活的支撑农业强国的农业支持保护政策体系。

Agricultural support and protection policy is the key pillar of a strong agricultural country.To push forward the reform of agricultural support and protection policy, it is urgent to proceed from the key bottlenecks restricting the construction of a powerful agricultural country, we will handle the contradictions between the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products, the steady and sustained growth of farmers' income, the sustained improvement of the overall benefits and competitiveness of industries, and the sustainability of government financial investment.These contradictory relations are common problems faced by developed countries in the process of promoting agricultural modernization, from the evolution of agricultural support and protection policies in typical countries such as the United States and the European Union, we can get the experience and enlightenment of promoting agricultural support and protection policy reform in China.On the whole, in the evolution of the agricultural support and protection policy, the United States pays attention to the front-end advantage of industrial chain, and sets up multiple price mechanism to deal with market risks, and forms a benign interaction mechanism with market mechanism.The EU pays attention to the back-end advantage of industrial chain, and weakens the price support protection, and strengthens the direct payment subsidy, and activates the competitive vigor of business entity by optimizing the direct payment structure.At the same time, they all emphasize the efficiency and accuracy of fund utilization, and improve the continuity, the fairness, the pertinence of the policy implementation, enhances the policy implementation efficiency unceasingly.Based on the basic national conditions of China and focusing on speeding up the construction of a powerful agricultural country, China should advance the reform of agricultural support and protection policies from the point of giving full play to the comprehensive benefits and competitive advantages of the whole industrial chain, to find a balance point to ensure food security, protect farmers' income and stimulate market vitality, so as to improve the efficiency of capital utilization and policy implementation, to build a stable and continuous, fair and just, accurate and flexible strategies to build a powerful agricultural support and protection policy system.