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膳食多样性是健康饮食的重要组成部分。本文从概念内涵上梳理了膳食多样性与生物多样性的联系和区别，并提出了一个新的测度体系用来归纳和分类膳食多样性指数。根据此体系，本文将膳食多样性指数划分为四类：膳食中性多样性指数、膳食功能多样性指数、基于膳食指南的中性多样性指数、基于膳食指南的功能多样性指数。其中，现有研究对第三类指数的构建并不完善，第四类指数目前尚属研究空白。本文详细介绍了四类指数之间的关系及其内涵差异，并重点构建了第四类指数用来弥补现有测度体系的不足。此后，本文测算了2001-2021年中国居民的膳食多样性，并发现膳食多样性指数与居民收入、城镇化率之间的关系与班尼特定律和大量经验研究的结论一致。结果表明，本文构建的膳食多样性指数具有良好的信息属性，后续研究应更加重视食物之间的营养功能差异。
Abstract：Dietary diversity(DD) is an essential component of a healthy diet.This article delves into the intricate relationship between DD and biodiversity, examines their distinctions, and proposes a systematic measurement system to categorize and classify DD indices.The proposed system segments DD indices into four categories, namely, dietary neutral diversity index, dietary functional diversity index, dietary guideline based neutral diversity index, and dietary guideline based functional diversity index.Furthermore, we suggest several new indices based on Shannon entropy and Simpson's index to address the drawbacks of previous measurement systems.Subsequently, the study calculates the DD of Chinese residents from 2001-2021 and establishes that the relationships between the DD index and residents' income and urbanization rate aligns with Bennett's Law and previous empirical research.These results emphasize that the proposed DD index has impressive information attributes.Future research should pay more attention to the nutritional functionality discrepancies between different food items.
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(1)根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)的统计,目前,全球范围内已经有100多个国家或地区制定并以不同形式发布了食源性膳食指南。参见:https://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary-guidelines/home/en/。
(2)赋分法是开展膳食质量评价时最常用的一种方法,通常是从食物的营养功能出发,并根据各类食物的实际摄入量和参考摄入量之间的一致性程度对各类食物进行赋分,进而通过加和值来构建指数。
(3)参见《生物多样性公约》:https://www.cbd.int/convention/。
(4)仅考虑离散度内涵而忽略丰富度和均匀度内涵构建的多样性指数可以被理解为单纯的“功能多样性”,此类指数不在本文的讨论之列。
(5)显然,膳食质量还可以从其他视角(如能量摄入总量、食物消费结构)得到体现。
(6)受期刊版面限制,各类食物营养功能的离散度表格此处不再列示,可向作者索取。在计算第四类指数时,本文根据膳食指南提供的8类食物之间的营养功能离散度进行计算,正文不再汇报8类食物之间的营养功能距离。
(7)《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》是由中国营养学会组织修订的第五版膳食指南。因为居民在不同时期的膳食结构、营养健康状况存在差异,而且营养科学研究也在不断发展,膳食指南推荐的食物摄入量在历次修订版中发生过一些调整,但是,调整幅度比较细微。本文仅根据最新版膳食指南开展后续测算。
(8)由于食糖在中国居民膳食构成中的供能比最低(表2),而且食糖的营养功能并不具备较强的不可替代性,所以,删除食糖对指数计算结果的影响非常小。本文尝试将膳食指南推荐的食糖摄入量赋值为0并开展运算,所得到的计算结果差异非常细微。
基本信息:
DOI：10.13856/j.cn11-1097/s.2024.01.005
中图分类号:R151
引用信息:
[1]全世文,李苗苗,朱文博.膳食多样性：一个系统性测度[J].世界农业,2024,No.537(01):52-65.DOI:10.13856/j.cn11-1097/s.2024.01.005.
基金信息:
中国社会科学院青年人文社会科学研究中心社会调研项目“大食物观下的中国居民食物消费状况调研”(2024QNZX008);中国社会科学院创新工程项目“大食物观下的食物供给能力研究”(2023NFSB09)
2023-11-24
2023-11-24
2023-11-24