世界农业

本文基于制度演化理论，系统梳理意大利农业合作社制度的历史演进路径，剖析其制度内核及在政治、经济与社会转型中的动态重构逻辑。研究发现，意大利农业合作社历经19世纪末的启蒙期、高速扩张期与第二次世界大战后的两次共和时期，逐步形成了以法律保障体系化、多元化发展模式、三级分层管理架构、成员权益保护机制等深度嵌入为核心特征的制度体系。面对全球化资本冲击和成员结构变迁，意大利农业合作社突破传统罗虚代尔原则束缚，形成以“主要互益”为导向的适应性改革路径，体现为重构民主管理形式、构建多重治理体系、增强财务韧性并优化盈余分配规则等方面。针对中国农民合作社发展现状，建议完善法律体系、建立联合组织构架，强化互益属性与治理效能平衡，创新民主管理模式和建立盈余分配约束机制，为推进中国农民合作社高质量发展提供参考。

Based on institutional evolution theory, this paper systematically examines the historical development path of Italy's agricultural cooperative system, analyzing its institutional core and the dynamic restructuring logic of it's political, economic, and social transformations.The study reveals that Italian cooperatives evolved through stages including the enlightenment period in the late 19th century, rapid expansion, and two post-WWII Republican eras, gradually forming a system characterized by a legal safeguard framework, diversified development models, a three-tiered management structure, member rights protection mechanisms, and the deep embedding of religious and political elements.Confronted with globalization-driven capital pressures and shifts in membership structure, Italy's agricultural cooperatives broke free from the constraints of traditional Rochdale Principles, forging an adaptive reform path oriented toward “primary mutual benefit”.This shift manifested in restructured democratic management forms, multi-level governance systems, enhanced financial resilience, and optimized surplus distribution rules.Focuses on the current development situation of the Farmers' Cooperatives in China, this paper proposes targeted recommendations: refine the legal framework, establishing a joint organizational structure, enhancing mutual-benefit attributes with governance efficacy, innovating democratic management models, and creating surplus distribution constraints—offering insights for advancing high-quality development of farmer cooperatives in China.